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2024 Report on the State of the Cybersecurity in the Union

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This document marks the first report on the state of cybersecurity in the Union, adopted by ENISA in cooperation with the NIS Cooperation Group and the European Commission, in accordance with Article 18 of the Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (…

ENISA Threat Landscape 2024

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Seven prime cybersecurity threats were identified in 2024, with threats against availability topping the chart and followed by ransomware and threats against data, and the report provides a relevant deep-dive on each one of them by analysing…

Best Practices for Cyber Crisis Management

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This study highlights the complexities behind the notion of cyber crisis and the degree of subjectivity it involves. The elevation of a large-scale cyber incident into a cyber crisis relies predominantly on a political decision, and depends…

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IoT Security Standards Gap Analysis

This study analyses the gaps and provides guidelines for, in particular, the development or repositioning of standards, facilitating the adoption of standards and governance of EU standardisation in the area of NIS.
Private Sector

Looking into the crystal ball: A report on emerging technologies and security challenges

The time has come for ENISA to take a look at the crystal ball of technology; In particular looking at what are considered to be emerging technologies and what might be their prospective usage scenarios. Considering emerging technologies and…
Private Sector

Reference Incident Classification Taxonomy

This taxonomy resulted from collaboration initiatives such as the annual ENISA/EC3 Workshop which involved CSIRTs, LEAs, ENISA, and EC3. Other examples include the eCSIRT.net taxonomy2 which was developed in 2003, and the eCSIRT.net mkVI taxonomy3…
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector

Maturity Reference for CSIRTs – Executive Summary

The target audience for this study is primarily the middle management layer in the CSIRTs, responsible for increasing the team’s maturity. The study will help them to more easily and quickly implement real maturity improvement, following self-…
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector

Baseline Security Recommendations for IoT

The study which is titled ‘Baseline Security Recommendations for Internet of Things in the context of critical information infrastructures’, aims to set the scene for IoT security in Europe. It serves as a reference point in this field and as a…
Private Sector

Security aspects of virtualization

This report provides an analysis of the status of virtualization security. ENISA presents current efforts, emerging best practices and known security gaps, discussing the impact the latter have on environments based on virtualization technologies.…
Private Sector

A good practice guide of using taxonomies in incident prevention and detection

The aim of this document is to provide good practices on using taxonomies for incident detection and prevention by taking into account the input received from the CSIRT community and relevant information from previous ENISA studies. In addition, it…
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector

Cyber Security and Resilience of smart cars

The objective of this study is to identify good practices that ensure the security of smart cars against cyber threats, with the particularity that smart cars’ security shall also guarantee safety. The study lists the sensitive assets present in…
Private Sector