Publications

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2024 Report on the State of the Cybersecurity in the Union

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This document marks the first report on the state of cybersecurity in the Union, adopted by ENISA in cooperation with the NIS Cooperation Group and the European Commission, in accordance with Article 18 of the Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (…

ENISA Threat Landscape 2024

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Seven prime cybersecurity threats were identified in 2024, with threats against availability topping the chart and followed by ransomware and threats against data, and the report provides a relevant deep-dive on each one of them by analysing…

Best Practices for Cyber Crisis Management

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This study highlights the complexities behind the notion of cyber crisis and the degree of subjectivity it involves. The elevation of a large-scale cyber incident into a cyber crisis relies predominantly on a political decision, and depends…

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Stock taking of security requirements set by different legal frameworks on OES and DSPs

In order to support organisations in their process of identifying appropriate security measures, based on the provisions of both NISD and GDPR, this report uses as basis the pre-existing ENISA guidance and presents a mapping of already identified…
Private Sector

Secure Group Communications for incident response and operational communities

With a number of cybersecurity incidents and an attack surface that increase every day, spanning from large infrastructures to the end users, there is the need to improve operational cooperation, preparedness and information exchange by promoting…
National / EU authorities

Trust Services Security Incidents 2018 - Annual report

The annual report on Trust Services Security Incidents 2018 gives an aggregated overview of security breaches, showing root causes, statistics and trends. It marks the third round of security incident reporting for the EU’s trust services sector.…
Private Sector

ENISA CSIRT maturity assessment model

This is the updated version of the "Challenges for National CSIRTs in Europe in 2016: Study on CSIRT Maturity" published by ENISA in 2017. The study takes all relevant information sources into account, with a special emphasis on the NIS Directive,…
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector

ENISA Maturity Evaluation Methodology for CSIRTs

This is the updated version of the "Study on CSIRT Maturity – Evaluation Process" published by ENISA in 2017. The new version (v.2) reflects values that are consistent with other documents and studies on CSIRT maturity.
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector

Towards a framework for policy development in cybersecurity - Security and privacy considerations in autonomous agents

One of the key aspects in autonomous systems is the data collected, mainly for supporting the demanding functionality in a qualitative and timely manner. The current study highlights a number of relevant security and privacy considerations, such as…
Private Sector

ENISA’s PETs Maturity Assessment Repository

The present report aims at detailing the outcomes of the project that aimed to promote the ENISA’s PETs repository (and underlying PETs maturity assessment methodology) by 1) Engaging the privacy community into its use, and 2) Providing a plan for…
Private Sector

Recommendations on shaping technology according to GDPR provisions - An overview on data pseudonymisation

The scope of this report is to explore the concept of pseudonymisation alongside different pseusonymisation techniques and their possible implementation. The report is part of ENISA's work in the area of privacy and data protection, which focuses on…
Private Sector

Recommendations on shaping technology according to GDPR provisions - Exploring the notion of data protection by default

This report aims to shed some light on what the data-protection-by-default principle means in information technology design, what is the situation today, as well as how the new GDPR obligation could support controllers in selecting data-protection-…
Private Sector

Reinforcing trust and security in the area of electronic communications and online services

This study provides an overview of well-established security practices, for the purpose of sketching the notion of “state-of-the-art” in a number of categories of measures, as they are listed in ENISA’s guidelines for SMEs on the security of…
Private Sector