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2024 Report on the State of the Cybersecurity in the Union

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This document marks the first report on the state of cybersecurity in the Union, adopted by ENISA in cooperation with the NIS Cooperation Group and the European Commission, in accordance with Article 18 of the Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (…

ENISA Threat Landscape 2024

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Seven prime cybersecurity threats were identified in 2024, with threats against availability topping the chart and followed by ransomware and threats against data, and the report provides a relevant deep-dive on each one of them by analysing…

Best Practices for Cyber Crisis Management

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This study highlights the complexities behind the notion of cyber crisis and the degree of subjectivity it involves. The elevation of a large-scale cyber incident into a cyber crisis relies predominantly on a political decision, and depends…

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Incident Reporting for Cloud Computing

The proposed NIS Directive mentions cloud computing explicitly. This is not surprising. Cloud infrastructures play an increasingly important role in the digital society. A large part of the EU’s Digital Agenda is the European cloud strategy which…

Window of exposure… a real problem for SCADA systems?

Much of Europe’s critical infrastructure which resides in sectors such as energy, transportation,water supply is largely managed and controlled by SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, a subgroup of Industrial Control Systems…

National / EU authorities

Good practice guide for CERTs in the area of Industrial Control Systems - Computer Emergency Response Capabilities considerations for ICS

This document builds upon the current practice of CSIRTs with responsibilities for ICS networks, and also on the earlier work of ENISA on a baseline capabilities scheme for national/ governmental (n/g) CSIRTs. The document is an initial attempt to…

A Good Practice Collection for CERTs on the Directive on attacks against information systems

This Good Practice Collection was produced at the initiative of ENISA in the context of its support activities to ensure the efficient functioning of CSIRTs and their cooperation with Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) in the face of a new development…

National Roaming for Resilience

Mobile communications are an integral part of everyday life. In less than 30 years they have surpassed the traditional fixed line telephony. Every day millions of European citizens rely on mobile telephony for work, social life, but also to contact…

Alerts-Warnings-Announcements

This guide complements the existing set of ENISA guides that support Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs, also known as CSIRTs). It describes good practices and provides practical information and guidelines for the process of preparing and…

Security certification practice in the EU - Information Security Management Systems - A case study

This report aims at providing input for the adoption of a framework on privacy certifications, as well as for eGovernment certification in Europe. There are numerous IT security certification schemes across the European Member States that can serve…

Detect, SHARE, Protect - Solutions for Improving Threat Data Exchange among CERTs

The focus of this report is on the threat and incident information exchange and sharing practices used among CERTs in Europe, especially, but not limited to, national/governmental CERTs. It aims at: - Taking stock of existing communication…

National-level Risk Assessments: An Analysis Report

This report is based on a study and analysis of approaches to national-level risk assessment and threat modelling for cyber security which was conducted between April and October 2013. ENISA aims to provide an evidence-based methodology for…

8th ENISA Workshop ‘CERTs in Europe’ report

This document is a brief ENISA report on the annual workshop for Computer Emergency Response Teams in Europe “CERTs in Europe”. The first part of the workshop focused on hands-on technical training for non- governmental CERTs in Europe. Part II of…