Publications

Featured publications

ENISA Threat Landscape 2025

Download

Through a more threat-centric approach and further contextual analysis, this latest edition of the ENISA Threat Landscape analyses 4875 incidents over a period spanning from 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025. At its core, this report provides an…

NIS Investments 2025

Download

The annual NIS Investments report presents the findings of a study conducted by ENISA to explore how cybersecurity policy translates in practice across organisations in the EU and its effects on their investments, resources, and operations.
…

NIS2 Technical Implementation Guidance

Download

This report provides technical guidance to support the implementation of the NIS2 Directive for several types of entities in the NIS2 digital infrastructure, ICT service management and digital providers sectors. The…

All publications

By topics

By type

Publish Date

European Cyber Security Month 2016 - Deployment report

For the fourth consecutive year, last October the European Cyber Security Month (ECSM) campaign took place across Europe. The campaign was supported by ENISA, the European Commission, Europol’s EC3 and the European Banking Federation, plus partners…
Private Sector

Privacy and Security in Personal Data Clouds

The main objective of this study is to identify the different architectures and components of Personal Data Clouds (PDCs) and discuss their privacy and security challenges. Based on an empirical analysis of various applications that fall under, or…
Private Sector

Report on Cyber Security Information Sharing in the Energy Sector

The purpose of this report is to understand and learn the development of CSIRTs, ISACs, as well as relevant initiatives on information sharing on cyber security incidents in the energy sector by focusing on the subsectors identified in the NIS…
Private Sector

Communication network dependencies for ICS/SCADA Systems

ENISA is continuing the work on communication network dependencies in industrial infrastructures, focusing in this case on ICS/SCADA systems and networks. The main objective is to provide insight into the communication network interdependencies…
Private Sector

A good practice guide of using taxonomies in incident prevention and detection

The aim of this document is to provide good practices on using taxonomies for incident detection and prevention by taking into account the input received from the CSIRT community and relevant information from previous ENISA studies. In addition, it…
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector

Guidelines for SMEs on the security of personal data processing

ENISA undertook a study to support SME’s on how to adopt security measures for the protection of personal data, following a risk-based approach. In particular, the objectives of the study were to facilitate SMEs in understanding the context of the…
Private Sector

Distributed Ledger Technology & Cybersecurity - Improving information security in the financial sector

This paper aims to provide financial professionals in both business and technology roles with an assessment of the various benefits and challenges that their institutions may encounter when implementing a distributed ledger.
Private Sector

Cyber Security and Resilience of smart cars

The objective of this study is to identify good practices that ensure the security of smart cars against cyber threats, with the particularity that smart cars’ security shall also guarantee safety. The study lists the sensitive assets present in…
Private Sector

PETs controls matrix - A systematic approach for assessing online and mobile privacy tools

Following previous work in the field of privacy engineering, in 2016 ENISA defined the ‘PETs control matrix’, an assessment framework and tool for the systematic presentation and evaluation of online and mobile privacy tools for end users. The…

Private Sector

Security of Mobile Payments and Digital Wallets

The primary objective of this paper is the production of guidelines to assist mobile payment developers and mobile payment providers towards recommended security controls which if implemented would help ensure that consumers, retailers and financial…
Private Sector