To shape our understanding of the cyber threat landscape and the dynamics at work, ENISA collected and analysed incidents and events observed from 1 January to 31 December 2025 for this new edition of the Threat Landscape. The 2025 cyber threat…
This edition of the ENISA NIS360 report is the third to assess the cybersecurity maturity and criticality of all sectors of high criticality as identified under Annex I of the NIS2 directive. The assessment covers the entire ecosystem of a sector…
This report provides technical guidance to support the implementation of the NIS2 Directive for several types of entities in the NIS2 digital infrastructure, ICT service management and digital providers sectors. The cybersecurity requirements for…
ENISA conducted a study identifying possible causes inhibiting the cyber-insurance market in Europe and investigating incentives to kick –start its development. The Study analyses the structure and the characteristics of the market and includes a…
This study provides an overview of past incidents that impaired the Internet’s interconnection fabric, and discusses good practices to limit or avoid the impact of future crises events.
The threat from Flamer illustrates important weaknesses in our cyber defences
The paper includes a short analysis of the current status of cyber security strategies within the European Union and elsewhere. It also identifies common themes and differences, and concludes with a series of observations and recommendations.…
In 2011 ENISA has set up an Expert Group composed of representatives of the EU institutions, Art.29 Working Party, national DPAs and industry. This group helped in the development of the specific technical recommendations for the implementation…
A practical guide aimed at the procurement and governance of cloud services. This guide provides advice on questions to ask about the monitoring of security. The goal is to improve public sector customer understanding of the security of cloud…
Do some individuals value their privacy enough to pay a mark-up to an online service provider who protects their information better? How is this related to personalisation of services?
This study analyses the monetisation of privacy. ‘…
Given the clear contrast between the importance of the privacy by design principle on the one hand, and the reality of lax data protection practices with many online service providers on the other hand, the aim of this study is to present an…
ENISA's report on Network Information Security (NIS) in Education comes at a time when education and ITC are interrelated and interconnected more than ever. The challenge for the digitally active citizen is to stay informed of the news coming…
Existing standards in the field have so far only addressed resilience indirectly and thus without detailed definition of the taxonomy and thus of the semantics of security. The primary purpose of an ontology and taxonomies defined in this context…
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