Publications

Featured publications

NIS Investments 2025

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The annual NIS Investments report presents the findings of a study conducted by ENISA to explore how cybersecurity policy translates in practice across organisations in the EU and its effects on their investments, resources, and operations.
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ENISA Threat Landscape 2025

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Through a more threat-centric approach and further contextual analysis, this latest edition of the ENISA Threat Landscape analyses 4875 incidents over a period spanning from 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025. At its core, this report provides an…

NIS2 Technical Implementation Guidance

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This report provides technical guidance to support the implementation of the NIS2 Directive for several types of entities in the NIS2 digital infrastructure, ICT service management and digital providers sectors. The…

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Deploying Pseudonymisation Techniques

Pseudonymisation is increasingly becoming a key security technique for providing a means that can facilitate personal data processing, while offering strong safeguards for the protection of personal data and thereby safeguarding the rights and…
Private Sector

5G Cybersecurity Standards

This report outlines the contribution of standardisation to the mitigation of technical risks, and therefore to trust and resilience, in the 5G ecosystem. This report focuses on standardisation from a technical and organisational perspective.
Private Sector

Risk Management Standards

The purpose of this document is to provide a coherent overview of published standards that address aspects of risk management and subsequently describe methodologies and tools that can be used to conform with or implement these standards.
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector

Cyber Threats Outreach In Telecom

In this paper, we aim to give guidance to national Authorities and providers of electronic communications networks and services regarding how to strike the right balance and carry out efficient and effective outreach to users about cyber threats.
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector

Cyber Threats Outreach In Telecom - Leaflet

This leaflet provides basic guidelines for National Authorities and telecom providers on how to inform users about cyber threats.

2021 Report on CSIRT-Law Enforcement Cooperation

The purpose of this report is to further explore and support the cooperation between computer security incident response teams (CSIRTs), in particular national and governmental CSIRTs, and Law enforcement agencies (LEAs) and their interactions with…
National / EU authorities

Aspects of Cooperation between CSIRTs and LE - Handbook 2021

This training material is an updated version of the training material Aspects of Cooperation between CSIRT and LE - Handbook, Document for trainers3, that was developed based particularly on the ENISA 2020 Report on CSIRT-LE Cooperation.
National / EU authorities

Aspects of Cooperation between CSIRTs and LE - Toolset 2021

This training material is an updated version of the ENISA training material Aspects of Cooperation between CSIRT and LE - Toolset, Document for trainees3, that was developed based particularly on the ENISA 2020 Report on CSIRT-LE Cooperation.
National / EU authorities
zoning and conduits for railways

Zoning and Conduits for Railways

This document gives guidance on building zones and conduits for a railway system. To do so, first the methodology is described. This approach is based on the recently published CENELEC Technical Specification 50701 (CLC/CLC/TS 50701:2021).

Private Sector
nfv security in 5g challenges and best practices

NFV Security in 5G - Challenges and Best Practices

In this report explores relevant challenges, vulnerabilities and attacks to the Network Function Virtualization (NFV) within the 5G network. NFV changes the network security environment due to resource pools based on cloud computing and open network…
Private Sector